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Battle of Ankara
The Battle of Ankara or Battle of Angora, fought on 20 July 1402,〔"Ankara, Battle of" in ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 423.〕 took place at the field of ''Çubuk'' (near Ankara) between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and Timur, ruler of the Timurid Empire. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to a period of crisis for the Ottoman Empire (the Ottoman Interregnum). However, the Timurid Empire went into terminal decline following Timur's death just three years after the battle, while the Ottoman Empire made a full recovery, and continued to increase in power for another two to three centuries.
==Background==
Timur was one of the most powerful Central Asian rulers since Genghis Khan. By long and relentless fighting, he sought to rebuild the Mongol Empire of his predecessors.〔Beatrice Forbes Manz, "Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy," ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Apr., 1998), 25; "In his formal Temur continued throughout his life as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He even justified his Iranian, Mamluk and Ottoman campaigns as a reimposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers ...".〕〔Michal Biran, "The Chaghadaids and Islam: The Conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331–34)," ''Journal of American Oriental Society'', Vol. 122, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 2002), 751; "Temur, a non-Chinggisid, tried to build a double legitimacy based on his role as both guardian and restorer of the Mongol Empire.".〕
Timur had conquered Georgia and Azerbaijan in 1390 and Syria in 1399 after defeating the Mamluks, expanding his empire to the borders of the Ottoman Empire. The two powers soon came into direct conflict. Bayezid demanded tribute from one of the Anatolian Beyliks who had pledged loyalty to Timur and threatened to invade.〔Tucker, Spencer C. (2010) ''Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict''. ABC-ClIO; p. 140〕 Timur interpreted this action as an insult to himself and in 1400 sacked the Ottoman city of Sebaste (modern Sivas).〔 In 1402, the Ottomans campaigned in Europe, trying to conquer Hungary. Timur found it as a proper moment to attack and destroy the Ottoman Empire. Bayezid was stung into furious action and when Timur invaded Anatolia from the east, hurried back from Europe in order to confront fast moving Timur somewhere in the west of Turkey. Timur, whose whole army was mounted, took a u-turn moving fast through Anatolia, slaughtering Ottoman conscripts, taking away horses, destroying Ottoman cities and towns in his path.〔The age of Tamerlane : Warfare in the Middle East c.1350-1500
by David Nicolle; Angus McBride London : Osprey, 1990.〕 The conflict, overall, was the culmination of years of insulting letters exchanged between Timur and Bayezid.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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